Effects of symbiotic bacteria and tree chemistry on the growth and reproduction of bark beetle fungal symbionts

نویسندگان

  • A. S. Adams
  • K. F. Raffa
چکیده

Bark beetles are associated with diverse assemblages of microorganisms, many of which affect their interactions with host plants and natural enemies. We tested how bacterial associates of three bark beetles with various types of host relationships affect growth and reproduction of their symbiotic fungi. Fungi were exposed to volatiles from bacteria in an arena that imposed physical separation but shared airspace. We also exposed fungi to vapors of the host compound, a-pinene, and to combinations of bacterial volatiles and a-pinene. Bacterial volatiles commonly stimulated growth of Leptographium procerum (W.B. Kendr.) M.J. Wingf. and Grosmannia clavigera (Rob.-Jeffr. & R.W. Davidson) Zipfel, Z.W. de Beer & Wingf., which are symbiotic fungi of Dendroctonus valens LeConte and Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, respectively. They less commonly stimulated growth of Ophiostoma ips (Rumbold) Nannf., which is associated with Ips grandicollis Eichhoff. Some bacteria inhibited L. procerum, Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx (another associate of D. ponderosae), and O. ips. Bacteria greatly stimulated spore production of symbionts of D. valens and D. ponderosae. a-Pinene strongly affected some of these relationships, causing amplification, reduction, or reversal of the interactions among the bacteria and fungi. Our results show that some bacteria associated with bark beetles directly affect fungal symbionts and interact with tree chemistry to affect fungal growth and sporulation. The strongest effects were induced by bacteria associated with beetles adapted to attacking living trees with vigorous defenses, and on fungal reproductive structures. Résumé : Les scolytes sont associés à divers assemblages de microorganismes dont plusieurs influencent leurs interactions avec les plantes hôtes et les ennemis naturels. Nous avons testé de quelle façon les bactéries associées à trois scolytes qui ont différents types de relation avec leur hôte influencent la croissance et la reproduction de leurs champignons symbiotiques. Les champignons ont été exposés aux substances volatiles produites par les bactéries dans un espace où ils étaient physiquement séparés mais partageaient le même espace aérien. Nous avons aussi exposé les champignons à des vapeurs d’a-pinène produit par l’hôte et à des combinaisons de substances volatiles produites par les bactéries et d’a-pinène. Les substances volatiles produites par les bactéries ont couramment stimulé la croissance de Leptographium procerum (W.B. Kendr.) M.J. Wingf. et de Grosmannia clavigera (Rob.-Jeffr. & R.W. Davidson) Zipfel, Z.W. de Beer & M.J. Wingf., les champignons symbiotiques associés respectivement à Dendroctonus valens LeConte et D. ponderosae Hopkins. Ils ont moins fréquemment stimulé la croissance d’Ophiostoma ips (Rumbold) Nannf. associé à Ips grandicollis Eichhoff. Certaines bactéries ont inhibé L. procerum, Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx, un autre associé de D. ponderosae, et O. ips. Les bactéries ont fortement stimulé la production de spores des symbiotes de D. valens et D. ponderosae. L’apinène a grandement influencé ces relations, incluant l’augmentation, la diminution et l’inversion. Nos résultats montrent que certaines bactéries associées à des scolytes influencent directement les symbiotes fongiques et interagissent aussi chimiquement avec les arbres pour influencer la croissance et la sporulation des champignons. Les effets les plus prononcés ont été provoqués par les bactéries associées aux scolytes capables d’attaquer les arbres vivants dotés de mécanismes de défense vigoureux et observés sur les structures reproductrices des champignons. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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تاریخ انتشار 2009